System and method for optimizing error detection to detect unauthorized modification of transmitted data

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a system and method for optimizing error detection to detect unauthorized modification of transmitted data. The system includes an encrypting device and a decrypting device operatively coupled to the first encrypting device. The encrypting device is configured to re-order and encrypt a first data stream to form a second data stream, and the decrypting device is configured to re-order and decrypt the second data stream to form a third data stream substantially identical to the first data stream. Each of the encrypting and decrypting devices includes at least one pseudo-random number generator, a reversible function device responsive to a first pseudo-random number generator to cause data stream bits to be re-ordered, and a XOR function responsive to a second or the first pseudo-random number generator to cause either consecutive portions of the data stream bits to be encrypted or decrypted.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to data encryption anddecryption schemes, and more particularly, to a system and method foroptimizing error detection to detect unauthorized modification oftransmitted data.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Data encryption and decryption schemes, or cryptographic algorithms(a.k.a., ciphers), are well known. Data encryption generally includesconcealing the meaning and/or content of data transmitted between a datasource and one or more data destination(s), from unauthorized access byeavesdroppers (e.g., adversaries, attackers, interceptors, interlopers,intruders, opponents, or enemies). Data requiring encryption may includefinancial transaction data, military data, etc. Many dataencryption/decryption schemes further include an authentication,integrity and non-repudiation process to establish, usually by challengeand response, that a data transmission attempt is authorized and valid,that the data has not been modified in transit and that the data wasactually sent by the sender. That is, the authentication, integrity andnon-repudiation process makes it possible for the receiver of thetransmitted data to ascertain the data origin to ensure that itoriginated from an authorized data source or sender.

Modern encryption/decryption schemes use encryption keys to encrypt anddecrypt data. In some cases, the encryption keys are random-bit stringsgenerated by some automatic process. Encryption/decryption schemes maybe based on either a symmetric algorithm where an encryption key can becalculated from the decryption key, and vice versa, or an asymmetricalgorithm, or public-key algorithm, where the encryption key cannotgenerally be calculated from the decryption key. Symmetric algorithmscan be further divided into two categories; stream algorithms thatoperate on the data one bit (or sometimes byte) at a time, and blockalgorithms that operate on the data in groups of bits called blocks.Stream cipher coding using stream algorithms is generally consideredmore secure than block cipher coding using block algorithms. Duringoperation of a symmetric algorithm, unencrypted data, or plaintext, isencrypted at the sending end to form ciphertext. Conversely, at thereceiving end, the ciphertext is decrypted to form the originalplaintext.

Most users of data encryption/decryption schemes utilize a standardized,well known, underlying communications protocol that is independent ofthe encryption/decryption schemes. For example, a symmetric algorithmmay be used to encrypt data that has been configured using a protocolbased on the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard. These communication protocolsoften utilize error detection and correction techniques (e.g., cyclicredundancy check (CRC), checksum) that allow the receiving device todetermine when data (e.g., a decrypted data packet) has been corruptedduring transmission, and to then discard the corrupted data. These errordetection techniques are designed to reliably detect data inadvertentlycorrupted due to, for example, bursts of additive white Gaussian noise.They are not designed to necessarily detect malicious activity.

Unfortunately, data formatted into data packets having well-knowncommunication protocol structures may be determined by inspection, evenwhen the data is encrypted. For example, some communication protocolsuse delay delimited frames where a data packet is considered terminatedwhen the data transmitter has not transmitted data for a predeterminedperiod of time. When not transmitting data packets, the data transmitteris said to be idle. If an eavesdropper intercepts ciphertext configuredusing the delay delimited protocol, the eavesdropper may be able todiscern the beginning and end of a data packet by detecting the idletime between packets.

An eavesdropper may alter the contents of one or more encrypted datapackets such that the alteration goes undetected by error detectiontechniques. Such an alteration is achieved when the eavesdropperintercepts the ciphertext, and using “reverse engineering” methods, isable to correctly alter the CRC portion of the data packet to matchmalicious alteration of another portion of the data packet so that areceiving device does not detect the alteration when performing errordetection on the plaintext generated by a decryptor.

Although there are a number of “hacking” methods used by aneavesdropper, one method commonly used involves knowledge of a portionof the plaintext and calculation of the random number sequence used toencrypt that portion of the plaintext (i.e., a known-plain attack).Having knowledge of a portion of the plaintext allows the eavesdropperto decrypt the associated ciphertext to determined the random numbersequence, alter the plaintext, determine the new CRC field, and thenre-encrypt the altered plaintext with the determined random numbersequence to form altered ciphertext. Upon receiving the alteredciphertext, the decryptor converts it to plaintext and forwards theplaintext to the receiving device where no errors are detected using itserror detection technique. In this way an eavesdropper is able tointroduce altered data into the receiver that may cause damage to thesystem connected to the receiving device.

To perform a known-plaintext attack, the eavesdropper calculates therandom number sequence, or encryption stream, from the ciphertext. Thismay be accomplished by inspecting each data packet of the ciphertext todetermine a structure known to be consistent with a fixed content datapacket. For example, a communication protocol may use a well knownfixed-content data packet to enable some functionality in the receivingdevice, where the contents of the fixed-content data packet transmittedat a first time are identical to the contents of the fixed-content datapacket transmitted at a second time, third time, etc. By monitoringciphertext and looking for specific data packets having the discernedlength of the fixed-content data packet, the eavesdropper calculates theencryption stream by XORing the encrypted fixed-content data packet withthe known, fixed contents of the data packet. After calculating theencryption stream, the eavesdropper can alter the data packet asdescribed above or the eavesdropper can construct an entirely differenttype of data packet, selected to cause maximum damage to the systemconnected to the receiving device.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a system foroptimizing error detection to detect unauthorized modification oftransmitted data. The system includes an encrypting device and adecrypting device operatively coupled to the first encrypting device.The encrypting device is configured to re-order and encrypt a first datastream to form a second data stream, and the decrypting device isconfigured to re-order and decrypt the second data stream to form athird data stream substantially identical to the first data stream.

In an embodiment, the first encrypting device includes a firstpseudo-random number generator, a second pseudo-random number generator,a first reversible function device operatively coupled to and responsiveto the first pseudo-random number generator to re-order the first datastream to form a re-ordered data stream, and a first XOR functionoperatively coupled to and responsive to the second pseudo-random numbergenerator to encrypt the re-ordered data stream to form the second datastream. The decrypting device includes a third pseudo-random numbergenerator, a fourth pseudo-random number generator, a second XORfunction operatively coupled to and responsive to the thirdpseudo-random number generator to decrypt the second stream to form adecrypted data stream, and a second reversible function deviceoperatively coupled to and responsive to the fourth pseudo-random numbergenerator to re-order the decrypted data stream to form the third datastream.

In another embodiment, the encrypting device includes a firstpseudo-random number generator, a first reversible function deviceoperatively coupled to the first pseudo-random number generator andresponsive to a first random number stream generated by the firstpseudo-random number generator to re-order the first data stream to forma re-ordered data stream, and a first XOR function operatively coupledto the first pseudo-random number generator and responsive to a secondrandom number stream generated by the first pseudo-random numbergenerator to encrypt the re-ordered data stream to form the second datastream. The decrypting device includes a second pseudo-random numbergenerator, a second XOR function operatively coupled to the secondpseudo-random number generator and responsive to a third random numberstream generated by the second pseudo-random number generator to decryptthe second data stream to form a decrypted data stream, and a secondreversible function device operatively coupled to the secondpseudo-random number generator and responsive to a fourth random numberstream generated by the second pseudo-random number generator tore-order the decrypted data stream to form the third data stream.

The first reversible function device is configured to apply a firstfunction and the second reversible function device is configured toapply a second function where application of the second functionreverses a result from application of the first function. In anembodiment, application of the first function results in a randombit-rotation of at least one bit of a portion of the data stream. Inanother embodiment application of the first function results in randombit reordering of at least one bit of a portion of the data stream.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a methodfor optimizing error detection to detect unauthorized modification oftransmitted data provided by an encrypting device to a decryptingdevice, the encrypting device including a first microcontroller having afirst microprocessor and a first memory operatively coupled to the firstmicroprocessor, the decrypting device including a second microcontrollerhaving a second microprocessor and a second memory operatively coupledto the second microprocessor. The method includes causing the encryptingdevice to re-order and encrypt a first data stream to form a second datastream, and causing the decrypting device to decrypt and re-order thesecond data stream to form a third data stream substantially identicalto the first data stream.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features of the present invention which are believed to be novel areset forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention,together with the further objects and advantages thereof, may best beunderstood by reference to the following description taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings, in the figures in which likereference numerals identify like elements, and in which:

FIG. 1 is stream cipher system for encoding and decoding a stream ofdata;

FIG. 2 is an exemplary stream cipher system for encoding and decoding astream of data according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is another exemplary stream cipher system for encoding anddecoding a stream of data according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is yet another exemplary stream cipher system for encoding anddecoding a stream of data according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 is system level block diagram of another exemplary stream ciphersystem for encoding and decoding a stream of data according to anembodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method for optimizing error detection todetect unauthorized modification of transmitted data, according to anembodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

According to an aspect of the invention, the described shortcomings ofprior art encryption systems may be overcome by re-ordering data of atransmitted data stream either before or after encryption. Reordering isthe act of altering the location of bits, bytes, or other portions ofdata within the packetized data of the transmitted data stream.

As previously mentioned, symmetric algorithms utilize an encryption keythat can be calculated from the decryption key, and vice versa. One wellknown symmetric algorithm uses synchronized pseudo-random numbergenerators to generate apparently random numbers based on akey-generation algorithm. In this case, the key is generally used to setthe initial state of the synchronized pseudo-random number generators.For example, FIG. 1 is stream cipher system 10 utilizing a symmetricalgorithm to encode and decode a flow of data (data stream) using randomnumbers in an exclusive-OR (XOR) operation. The stream cipher system 10includes a transmitting device 12 configured to transmit unencrypteddata, or plaintext 13, an encryptor 14 operatively coupled to thetransmitting device 12 configured to encrypt or cipher the data to formciphertext 15, a communications network 16 operatively coupling theencryptor 14 to a decryptor 18 and configured to transmit the ciphertext 15, a decryptor 18 configured to decrypt the ciphertext to form theoriginal plaintext 19, and a receiving device 20 operatively coupled tothe decryptor 18 and configured to receive the original plaintext 19.

During operation, the encryptor 14 performs a XORing function on (XORs)the unencrypted input data stream, or plaintext 13, received from thetransmitting device 12 with a stream of random numbers generated by afirst synchronized pseudo-random number generator 22 to produce theciphertext 15. The ciphertext 15 is formatted according to some wellknown underlying communications protocol, such as Ethernet. Theciphertext 15 is then transmitted to the decryptor 18. The decryptor 18XORs the ciphertext 15 with a stream of random numbers generated by asecond synchronized pseudo-random number generator 24 to produce theoriginal plaintext 19. This is a result of the XORing function and thesynchronized random number generators where XORing any value with thesame binary bit twice restores the binary bit to its original value.Accordingly, symmetric algorithms utilizing synchronized pseudo-randomnumber generators rely on the synchronization of the first and secondpseudo-random number generators 22, 24, to produce identical streams ofrandom numbers so that the XOR function of the decryptor cancels theeffect of the XOR function of the encryptor, thereby reconstructing theoriginal plaintext.

Delay delimited protocols may also be used to configure the data streamprovided to an encryptor. In that case, the transmitting device 12transmits data using a delayed delimited protocol such that idle time isintroduced between the data packets. The unencrypted data packets havingidle time there between are then encrypted by the encryptor 14 to formciphertext. As mentioned above, an eavesdropper may then be able tointercept the ciphertext and determine where data packets begin and endbased to the idle time between data packets of ciphertext.

After an eavesdropper has discerned the beginning and end of a datapacket, it may be possible to reverse engineer the associated encrypteddata to determine the function of certain bits or bytes in the datapacket. For example, from knowledge of the well-known protocol, theeavesdropper may discern that the last two bytes of the encryptedprotocol data packet are the CRC field, even though the contents of thefield or any other portion of the data packet are unknown in ciphertextform.

As mentioned above, typically steaming ciphers do not alter the abilityof an error detection technique to detect errors. For example, referringagain to FIG. 1, assume data, packetized using a well knowncommunications protocol, is encrypted to form ciphertext 15, andtransmitted. Assume also, that during transmission, the ciphertext 15 iscorrupted by noise in the communication network 16 and therefore thedata received by the decryptor 18 is not the same as the datatransmitted by the encryptor 14. Upon receipt of the ciphertext, thedecryptor 18 faithfully applies the XOR function to decrypt theciphertext. Because the ciphertext is corrupted by noise, the plaintext19 resulting from operation of the decryptor 18 does not match theplaintext 13 originally received by the encryptor 14. The plaintext 19resulting from operation of the decryptor 18 is then further processedby the receiving device 20 to check for errors. Corrupted data packetsare then discarded. Accordingly, the types of error detection techniquesemployed by well known communication protocols are effective atdetecting corrupted data when the corruption is of a type expected(e.g., additive white Gaussian noise) by the designer of the errordetection technique. Unfortunately, standard error detection techniquesmay not be effective in differentiating between a “normal” type of datacorruption and an “abnormal” type of data corruption such as corruptiondue to an eavesdropper attempting a ciphertext-only attack, aknown-plaintext attack, a chosen-plaintext attack, aadaptive-chosen-plaintext attack, or a chosen-ciphertext attack, to namea few. Thus, data encrypted and decrypted using symmetric algorithms maybe vulnerable to malicious attacks by eavesdroppers.

FIG. 2 is stream cipher system 100 for encoding and decoding a stream ofdata according to an embodiment of the invention. The stream ciphersystem 100 includes an encrypting device 102 for encrypting dataconfigured via one of any number of well known communication protocols,and a decrypting device 104 for decrypting the data. The decryptingdevice 104 and encrypting device 102 are operatively coupled to eachother via a communication network 115. The communication network 115 maybe configured in one of any number of suitable configurations using oneor more suitable communication protocols and therefore may include oneor more wire line or wireless communication configurations (e.g.,Ethernet, the Internet, cellular infrastructure).

The encrypting device 102 includes a first pseudo-random numbergenerator 106, a second pseudo-random number generator 108, and a firstreversible function device 110 operatively coupled to and responsive tooperation of the first pseudo-random number generator 106. Thedecrypting device 104 includes a third pseudo-random number generator112, a fourth pseudo-random number generator 114, and a secondreversible function device 116 operatively coupled to and responsive tooperation of the fourth pseudo-random number generator 114. Operation ofthe first pseudo-random number generator 106 is synchronized tooperation of the fourth pseudo-random number generator 114, andoperation of the second pseudo-random number generator 108 issynchronized to operation of the third pseudo-random number generator112.

During operation of the stream cipher system 100, a data stream 103(i.e., plaintext) applied to the encrypting device 102 is received bythe first reversible function device 110 where a function shown as ƒ(I,R), hereinafter function ƒ, is applied. The function ƒ is configuredto rearrange the data bits of the data stream 103 to form a scrambled,or re-ordered data stream 105 using a first random number stream 120generated by the first pseudo-random number generator 106. Applicationof the function ƒ to the unencrypted data stream 103 prevents a would-beeavesdropper from discerning data locations of the subsequenttransmitted ciphertext.

In order to apply the function ƒ, a first microcontroller 140,operatively coupled to the first pseudo-random number generator 106, thesecond pseudo-random number generator 108, the first reversible functiondevice 110 and a first XOR function 122, causes a first present value(i.e., a first number) of the first random number stream 120 provided bythe first pseudo-random number generator 106 to be stored in a registeror memory of the first microcontroller 140. The first microcontroller140 also causes a first portion of the data stream 103 to be stored inthe register or memory. Upon storage completion of the first presentvalue of the first random number stream 120 and the first portion of thedata stream 103, the first microcontroller 140 causes some or all of thebits of the first portion of the data stream 103 to be re-ordered basedon the first present value of the first random number stream 120 to forma first portion of the re-ordered data stream 105. The steps of savingand re-ordering similarly continue on subsequent portions of the datastream 103.

Referring again to FIG. 2, after the unencrypted data stream 103 isre-ordered by the function ƒ to form the re-ordered data stream 105, there-ordered data stream 105 is encrypted by XORing it, via the first XORfunction 122, with a second random number stream 124 generated by thesecond pseudo-random number generator 108 to form an encrypted datastream 107 (i.e., ciphertext). The encrypted data stream 107 is thentransmitted via the communications network 115 to the decrypting device104.

When received by the decrypting device 104, the encrypted data stream107 is decrypted by XORing it, via a second XOR function 126, with athird random number stream 128 generated by the third pseudo-randomnumber generator 112 to form a decrypted data stream 109 substantiallyidentical to the re-ordered data stream 105.

Next, the decrypted data stream 109 is received by the second reversiblefunction device 116 where a reverse function shown as ƒ′ (I′, R′),hereinafter reverse function ƒ′, is applied to the decrypted data stream109. The reverse function ƒ′ is configured to rearrange the data bits ofthe decrypted data stream 109 to form a restored data stream 111substantially identical to the data stream 103 using a fourth randomnumber stream 130 generated by the fourth pseudo-random number generator114. In other words, the reverse function ƒ′ is configured as thereverse of the function ƒ such that application of the second reversiblefunction device 116 effectively reverses the results from application ofthe first reversible function device 110 so that the output of thesecond reversible function device 116 is substantially identical to theinput of the first reversible function device 110.

In order to apply the reverse function ƒ′, a second microcontroller 142,operatively coupled to the third pseudo-random number generator 112, thefourth pseudo-random number generator 114, the second reversiblefunction device 116 and the second XOR function, causes a first presentvalue of the fourth random number stream 130 generated by the fourthpseudo-random number generator 114 be stored in a register or memory ofthe second microcontroller 142. The second microcontroller 142 alsocauses a first portion of the decrypted data stream 109 to be stored inthe register or memory. Upon storage completion of the first presentvalue of the fourth random number stream 130 and the first portion ofthe decrypted data stream 109, the second microcontroller 142 causessome or all of the bits of the first portion of the decrypted datastream 109 to be re-ordered based on the first present value of thefourth random number stream 130 to form a first portion of the restoreddata stream 111. The steps of saving and re-ordering similarly continueon subsequent portions of the decrypted data stream 109.

The data bits of the data stream 103 may be re-ordered by the function ƒin one of any number of suitable groupings and patterns as long as itsreverse function ƒ′ can be applied to the decrypted data stream 109 toform a restored data stream 111 that is substantially identical to thedata stream 103 and as long as the groupings and patterns comport withthe underlying communication protocol. For example, the function ƒ maycause the stored data bits from the unencrypted data stream 103 to beright bit-rotated by a number of bit positions determined by the storedpresent value of the first random number stream 120 from the firstpseudo-random number generator 106. Illustrating, if the predeterminednumber of data bits from the data stream 103 are expressed as a firstbinary string 1000101010111, and the stored present value from the firstrandom number stream 120 is decimal 3, the first reversible functiondevice 110 operates to right bit-rotate the binary string,three-positions, to form a second bit string 111000101010, appearing asthe re-ordered data stream 105. Assuming no data corruption, whenencrypted, decrypted and subject to operation of the second reversiblefunction device 116, the data will be again re-ordered to its originalorder of 1000101010111.

Although illustrated using a right bit-rotation pattern, otherbit-rotation patterns may be used. Moreover, although illustrated usinga 12-bit segment of the data stream 103, other bit segments having adifferent number of bits may be used (e.g., two bytes). Similarly,although illustrated with participation of all of the bits in the 12-bitsegment, it is contemplated that only a portion of the bits in the12-bit segment may participate in the bit-rotation pattern. Combinationsof different rotation patterns, different numbers of bits and differentportions of bits may also be used in conjunction with the stream ciphersystem 100 to further yield random bit re-ordering, random bytere-ordering and byte rotation, to name a few.

As was previously mentioned, operation of the first random pseudo-numbergenerator 106 is synchronized to operation of the fourth pseudo-randomnumber generator 114 so that operation of the second reversible functiondevice 116 restores, from the decrypted data stream 109, the data stream111 that is substantially identical to the data stream 103. As was alsopreviously mentioned, operation of the second pseudo-random numbergenerator 108 is synchronized to operation of the third pseudo-randomnumber generator 112 so that operation of the second XOR function 126restores, from the encrypted data stream 107, the decrypted data stream109 that is substantially identical to the re-ordered data stream 105.In other words, operation of the third pseudo-random number generator112 reverses operation of the second pseudo-random number generator 108,and operation of the fourth pseudo-random number generator 114 reversesoperation of the first pseudo-random number generator 106, therebyyielding the restored data stream 111 substantially identical to thedata stream 103.

As a result of operation of the first and second reversible functiondevices 110, 116, even if an eavesdropper is able to intercept theencrypted data stream 107, the eavesdropper cannot glean specific datalocations within the encrypted data packets nor can the eavesdroppermodify the encrypted data stream 107 without such modification beingdetected by an error detection technique performed by the receivingdevice. Further, because bits of the encrypted data stream 107 arere-ordered prior to transmission, any eavesdropper modification to theencrypted data stream 107 would yield an incorrect error detectionfield(s) such as for example, an invalid CRC. Subsequent receiverdetection of the error would therefore cause the associated receiveddata to be discarded.

For example, assuming the known-plaintext attack and using knowledge ofthe underlying communications protocol (e.g., the structure of the datapacket, the error detection technique), an eavesdropper seeks andrecognizes a data packet of the encrypted data stream 107 having aspecific length containing known, fixed data content. Upon XORing theencrypted contents of the data packet with the presumed known, fixeddata content as described above, the eavesdropper is left only with asequence of garbage bits, or an incorrect encryption stream, rather thanwith the correct encryption stream. Any subsequent encryptions by theeavesdropper using the incorrect encryption stream results in moregarbage bits and/or data packets that are rejected by the receivingdevice.

For example, applying the incorrect encryption stream to a substitutedata packet containing malicious contents yields an incorrect CRC and anincorrectly encrypted data stream. Decryption of the incorrectlyencrypted data stream via XORing it using one or more numbers from thethird random number stream 128 yields a decrypted data stream 109 thatis not substantially identical to the re-ordered data stream 105.Further when the reverse function ƒ′ is applied to the re-ordered datastream 109, the resulting restored data stream 111 is not substantiallyidentical to the data stream 103. Accordingly, the error detectiontechnique of the receiving device identifies and discards the corrupteddata packets resulting from the eavesdropper activity, therebypreventing the damage intended by the eavesdropper.

Although re-ordering in both the encrypting and decrypting device isaccomplished using pseudo-random number generators, it is contemplatedthat any symmetric function may be used such as, for example, a hashfunction, so that operation of the second reversible function device 116reverses a result from operation of the first reversible function device110. Further, although configured to first apply the function ƒ to thedata stream 103 and then perform the encryption step, it is contemplatedthat the encrypting device 102 may be configured to first apply theencryption step to the unencrypted data stream 103 and then apply thefunction ƒ, as long as the decryptor is similarly reverse-configured(see, FIG. 3). It is also contemplated that multiple functions ƒ may beapplied to the data stream 103 or the re-ordered data stream 105, andthat one pseudo-random number generator could be used for both applyingthe function ƒ via a first random number stream of the pseudo-randomnumber generator, and applying the encryption via a second random numberstream of the pseudo-random number generator, as long as the decryptingdevice 104 is similarly reverse-configured with one pseudo-randomgenerator generating two random number streams; that is, a secondpseudo-random generator generating a third and a fourth random numberstream.(see, FIG. 4).

Further, although illustrated using an encrypting device locatedremotely from a decrypting device via the communication network 115, itis contemplated that the stream cipher system of FIG. 2 may include apair of serial communication devices separated by the communicationnetwork 115, where each serial communication device includes anencrypting device and a decrypting device, controlled by amicrocontroller of its respective serial communication device.

For example, FIG. 5 is system level block diagram of another exemplarystream cipher system 450 for encoding and decoding a stream of data Iaccording to an embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIG. 5, theexemplary stream cipher system 450 includes a first serial communicationdevice 452 operatively coupled between an intelligent electronic device(IED) 454 (e.g., an electric power meter, a programmable controller, aremote terminal unit (RTU), a communications processor, a protectiverelay), and the communication network 115 for re-ordering and encryptinga data stream. The first serial communication device 452 includes anencrypting device such as the encrypting device 102 of FIG. 2, coupledto a decrypting device such as the decrypting device 104 of FIG. 2.Unlike the encrypting and decrypting devices of FIG. 2 however, theencrypting and decrypting devices of the first serial communicationdevice 452 preferably do not include individual microcontrollers.Instead, the first serial device 452 further includes a microcontrolleroperatively coupled to both the encrypting and decrypting devices of thefirst serial communication device 452. The exemplary stream ciphersystem 450 also includes a second serial communication device 456operatively coupled between the communication network 115 and anindustrial operator computer 458 for re-ordering and decrypting the datastream for supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADAsystem) purposes. In a preferred embodiment, the second serialcommunication device 456 is substantially identically configured andoperable as the first serial communication device 452.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method 500 for optimizing error detection todetect unauthorized modification of data provided by an encryptingdevice such as the encrypting device 302 of FIG. 4, to a decryptingdevice such as the decrypting device 304 of FIG. 4. The encryptingdevice includes a first microcontroller such as the firstmicrocontroller 330 of FIG. 4, where the first microcontroller includesa first microprocessor and a first memory operatively coupled to thefirst microprocessor, and the decrypting device includes a secondmicrocontroller such as the second microcontroller 332 of FIG. 4, wherethe second microcontroller includes a second microprocessor and a secondmemory operatively coupled to the second microprocessor. Each of thefirst and second microcontrollers 330, 332 are operatively coupled tothe elements (e.g. a first pseudo-random number generator 306) of theirrespective encrypting and decrypting devices 302, 304.

Referring to FIGS. 4 and 6, the method 500 begins when the firstmicrocontroller 330 detects receipt of a first portion of the first datastream 103 (step 502), and causes a first reversible function device 310of the encrypting device 302 to re-order the first data stream 103 toform a re-ordered data stream 305 (step 504). The first reversiblefunction device 310 is coupled to a first pseudo-random number generator306 and is responsive to a first random number stream 318 provided bythe first pseudo-random number generator 306. The first reversiblefunction device 310 applies a first function, or the function ƒ, to thefirst data stream 103 to form the re-ordered data stream 305. The firstfunction may be a random bit-rotation of a portion of the first datastream 103, where the random bit-rotation is based on at least onenumber generated by the first random number generator. Alternatively,the first function may be a random bit-reordering, byte re-ordering, orbyte rotation, etc., of a portion of the first data stream 103, wherethe random bit-reordering, byte re-ordering, or byte rotation, etc., isbased on at least one number generated by the first random numbergenerator 306.

In order to apply the function ƒ, the first microcontroller 330 causes afirst present value of the first random number stream 318 to be storedin a register or the memory of the first microcontroller 330. Similarly,the first microcontroller 330 causes a first portion of the data stream103 to be stored in a register or the memory of the firstmicrocontroller 330. Upon storage completion of the first present valueof the first random number stream 318 and the first portion of the datastream 103, the first microcontroller 330 begins storage of a secondpresent value of the first random number stream 318 and a second portionof the data stream 103. Concurrently, the first microcontroller 330causes at least one bit of the first portion of the data stream 103 tobe re-ordered based on the first present value of the first randomnumber stream 318 to form a first portion of the re-ordered data stream305. The steps of saving and re-ordering similarly continue onsubsequent portions of the data stream 103.

Next, the first microcontroller 330 causes a first XOR function 322 ofthe encrypting device 302 to encrypt the re-ordered data stream 305 toform a second data stream 307 (step 506), and causes the second datastream 307 to be transmitted to the decrypting device (step 508). Asillustrated, the first XOR function 322 is coupled to the firstpseudo-random number generator 306 and is responsive to a second randomnumber stream 320 generated by the first pseudo-random number generator306 to encrypt the re-ordered data stream 305 to form the second datastream 307.

Upon detecting receipt of the second data stream 307 (step 510), thesecond microcontroller 332 causes a second XOR function 326 of thedecrypting device 304 to decrypt the second data stream 307 to form adecrypted data stream 309 (step 512). As illustrated, the second XORfunction 326 is coupled to a second pseudo-random number generator 314and is responsive to a third random number stream 329 generated by thesecond pseudo-random number generator 314 to decrypt the second datastream 307 to form the decrypted data stream 309.

Next, the second microcontroller 332 causes a second reversible functiondevice 316 of the decrypting device 304 to re-order the decrypted datastream 309 to form a third data stream 111 that is substantiallyidentical to the first data stream 103 (step 514). The second reversiblefunction device 316 applies a second function, or the reverse functionƒ′, to the decrypted data stream 309 to form the third data stream 111,where application of the second function reverses results fromapplication of the first function. As illustrated, the second reversiblefunction device 316 is coupled to the second pseudo-random generator andis responsive to a fourth random number stream 328 generated by thesecond pseudo-random number generator 314 to re-order the decrypted datastream 309 to form the third data stream 111. Further, operation of thefirst pseudo-random number generator 306 is synchronized to operation ofthe second pseudo-random number generator 314.

In order to apply the reverse function ƒ′, the second microcontroller332 causes a first present value of the fourth random number stream 328to be stored in a register or memory of the second microcontroller 332.Similarly, the second microcontroller 332 causes a first portion of thedecrypted data stream 309 to be stored in the register or the memory.Upon storage completion of the first present value of the fourth randomnumber stream 328 and the first portion of the decrypted data stream309, the second microcontroller 332 begins storage of a second presentvalue of the fourth random number stream 328 and a second portion of thedecrypted data stream 309. Concurrently, the second microcontroller 332causes at least one bit of the first portion of the decrypted datastream 309 to be re-ordered based on the first present value of thefourth random number stream 328 to form a first portion of the thirddata stream 111. The steps of saving and re-ordering similarly continueon subsequent portions of the decrypted data stream 309. In this way,error detection is optimized such that unauthorized transmitted datamodification by an eavesdropper is detected and associated corrupteddata discarded at the receiving end, thereby preventing the would-besystem damage intended by eavesdropper.

The present invention has been described in part by reference to blockdiagrams, flow diagrams and elements of systems and steps of methods. Asis well known, suitable program instructions or coding provided insoftware are used to turn general purpose computers and/or processorsinto programmed computers and/or processors to form systems capable ofcarrying out a specific application, such as the teachings of thepresent invention.

As will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the software orother coding employed to implement the present invention may be providedin any suitable form of computer program code embodied in tangiblemedia, such as but not limited to floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, harddrives, static or flash memory, or any other computer readable storagemedium. When such computer program code or other code, containing theneeded instructions, is loaded into and is ready for execution bysuitable computers/processors/microcontrollers, such programmedcomputers/processors/microcontrollers become an apparatus for practicingthe invention. Thus, it should be appreciated that another embodiment ofthe present invention is the computer program code needed for carryingout the processes of the present invention when it is embodied in atangible medium.

While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown anddescribed, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changesand modifications may be made therein without departing from theinvention in its broader aspects.

1. A system for optimizing error detection to detect unauthorizedmodification of transmitted data, the system comprising: a firstencrypting device including: a first pseudo-random number generator; asecond pseudo-random number generator; a first reversible functiondevice operatively coupled to and responsive to the first pseudo-randomnumber generator to re-order the first data stream to form a re-ordereddata stream; and, a first XOR function operatively coupled to andresponsive to the second pseudo-random number generator to encrypt there-ordered data stream to form a second data steam; and, a firstdecrypting device operatively coupled to the first encrypting device,the first decrypting device configured to perform a re-ordering step anda decrypting step to the second data stream to form a third data streamsubstantially identical to the first data stream.
 2. The system of claim1, wherein the first decrypting device comprises: a third pseudo-randomnumber generator; a fourth pseudo-random number generator; a second XORfunction operatively coupled to and responsive to the thirdpseudo-random number generator to decrypt the second stream to form adecrypted data stream; and a second reversible function deviceoperatively coupled to and responsive to the fourth pseudo-random numbergenerator to re-order the decrypted data stream to form the third datastream.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein operation of the firstpseudo-random number generator is synchronized to operation of thefourth pseudo-random number generator, and wherein operation of thesecond pseudo-random number generator is synchronized to operation ofthe third pseudo-random number generator.
 4. The system of claim 2,wherein the first encrypting device further comprises a firstmicrocontroller having a first microprocessor and a first memoryoperatively coupled to the first microprocessor, and wherein thedecrypting device further comprises a second microcontroller having asecond microprocessor and a second memory operatively coupled to thesecond microprocessor.
 5. The system of claim 4, further comprising asecond decrypting device operatively coupled to the firstmicrocontroller, the first encrypting device and the second decryptingdevice and the first microcontroller adapted to form a first serialcommunication device.
 6. The system of claim 5, further comprising asecond encrypting device operatively coupled to the secondmicrocontroller, the second encrypting device and the first decryptingdevice and the second microcontroller adapted to form a second serialcommunication device, the second serial communication device coupled tothe first serial communication device via a communication network. 7.The system of claim 2, wherein the first reversible function device isconfigured to apply a first function to the first data stream to formthe re-ordered data stream, wherein the second reversible functiondevice is configured to apply a second function to the decrypted datastream to form the third data stream, and wherein application of thesecond function reverses a result from application of the firstfunction.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the first function comprisesa random bit-rotation of at least one bit of a portion of the first datastream, the random bit-rotation based on at least one number generatedby the first random number generator.
 9. The system of claim 7, whereinthe first function comprises a random bit-reordering of at least one bitof a portion of the first data stream, the random bit-reordering basedon at least one number generated by the first random number generator.10. A system for optimizing error detection to detect unauthorizedmodification of transmitted data, the system comprising: a firstencrypting device, including: a first pseudo-random number generator; afirst reversible function device operatively coupled to and responsiveto the first pseudo-random number generator; a second pseudo-randomnumber generator; a first XOR function operatively coupled to andresponsive to the second pseudo-random number generator to encrypt thefirst data stream to form an encrypted data stream; and the firstreversible function device to re-order the encrypted data stream to formthe second data steam; and, a first decrypting device operativelycoupled to the first encrypting device, the first decrypting deviceconfigured to perform a re-ordering step and a decrypting step to thesecond data stream to from a third data stream substantially identicalto the first data stream.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the firstdecrypting device comprises: a third pseudo-random number generator; afourth pseudo-random number generator; a second reversible functiondevice operatively coupled to and responsive to the third pseudo-randomnumber generator to re-order the second data stream to form a re-ordereddata stream; and a second XOR function operatively coupled to andresponsive to the fourth pseudo-random number generator to decrypt there-ordered data stream to form the third data stream.
 12. The system ofclaim 11, further comprising: a first microcontroller operativelycoupled to the first encrypting device; and a second decrypting deviceoperatively coupled to the first microcontroller, the first encryptingdevice and the second decrypting device and the first microcontrolleradapted to form a first serial communication device.
 13. The system ofclaim 12, further comprising: a second microcontroller operativelycoupled to the first decrypting device; and a second encrypting deviceoperatively coupled to the second microcontroller, the second encryptingdevice and the first decrypting device and the second microcontrolleradapted to form a second serial communication device, the second serialcommunication device operatively coupled to the first serialcommunication device via a communication network.
 14. A system foroptimizing error detection to detect unauthorized modification oftransmitted data, the system comprising: a first encrypting deviceincluding: a first pseudo-random number generator; a first reversiblefunction device operatively coupled to the first pseudo-random numbergenerator and responsive to a first random number stream generated bythe first pseudo-random number generator to re-order the first datastream to form a re-ordered data stream; a first XOR functionoperatively coupled to the first pseudo-random number generator andresponsive to a second random number stream generated by the firstpseudo-random number generator to encrypt the re-ordered data stream toform the second data steam; and, a first decrypting device operativelycoupled to the first encrypting device, the first decrypting deviceconfigured to perform a re-ordering step and a decrypting step to thesecond data stream to form a third data stream substantially identicalto the first data stream.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the firstdecrypting device comprises: a second pseudo-random number generator; asecond XOR function operatively coupled to the second pseudo-randomnumber generator and responsive to a third random number streamgenerated by the second pseudo-random number generator to decrypt thesecond data stream to form a decrypted data stream; and a secondreversible function device operatively coupled to the secondpseudo-random number generator and responsive to a fourth random numberstream generated by the second pseudo-random number generator tore-order the decrypted data stream to form the third data stream. 16.The system of claim 15, wherein the first encrypting device furthercomprises a first microcontroller having a first microprocessor and afirst memory operatively coupled to the first microprocessor, andwherein the decrypting device further comprises a second microcontrollerhaving a second microprocessor and a second memory operatively coupledto the second microprocessor.
 17. The system of claim 16, furthercomprising a second decrypting device operatively coupled to the firstmicrocontroller, the first encrypting device and the second decryptingdevice and the first microcontroller adapted to form a first serialcommunication device.
 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising asecond encrypting device operatively coupled to the secondmicrocontroller, the second encrypting device and the first decryptingdevice and the second microcontroller adapted to form a second serialcommunication device, the second serial communication device coupled tothe first serial communication device via a communication network. 19.The system of claim 15, wherein operation of the first pseudo-randomnumber generator is synchronized to operation of the secondpseudo-random number generator.
 20. The system of claim 15, wherein thefirst reversible function device is configured to apply a first functionto the first data stream to form the re-ordered data stream, wherein thesecond reversible function device is configured to apply a secondfunction to the decrypted data stream to form the third data stream, andwherein application of the second function reverses a result fromapplication of the first function.
 21. The system of claim 20, whereinthe first function comprises a random bit-rotation of at least one bitof a portion of the first data stream, the random bit-rotation based onat least one number generated by the first random number generator. 22.The system of claim 20, wherein the first function comprises a randombit-reordering of at least one bit of a portion of the first datastream, the random bit-reordering based on at least one number generatedby the first random number generator.
 23. A method for optimizing errordetection to detect modification of data provided by an encryptingdevice to a decrypting device, the encrypting device including a firstmicrocontroller having a first microprocessor and a first memoryoperatively coupled to the first microprocessor, the decrypting deviceincluding a second microcontroller having a second microprocessor and asecond memory operatively coupled to the second microprocessor, themethod comprising: causing the encrypting device to: perform are-ordering step using a first pseudo-random number generator and afirst reversible function device operatively coupled to the firstpseudo-random number generator and responsive to a first random numberstream generated by the first pseudo-random number generator; perform anencrypting step to a first data stream using a first XOR functioncoupled to the first pseudo-random number generator and responsive to asecond random number stream generated by the first pseudo-random numbergenerator of the encrypting device to form a second data stream; andcausing the decrypting device to perform a decrypting step and are-ordering step to the second data stream to form a third data streamsubstantially identical to the first data stream.
 24. The method ofclaim 23, wherein causing the decrypting device to decrypt and re-orderthe second data stream comprises: causing a second XOR function of thedecrypting device to decrypt the second data stream to form a decrypteddata stream; and causing a second reversible function device of thedecrypting device to re-order the decrypted data stream to form thethird data stream.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the second XORfunction is coupled to a second pseudo-random number generator of thedecrypting device and responsive to third random number stream generatedby the second pseudo-random number generator, and wherein the secondreversible function device is coupled to second pseudo-random numbergenerator and responsive to a fourth random number stream generated bythe second pseudo-random number generator.
 26. The method of claim 25,wherein operation of the first pseudo-random number generator issynchronized to operation of the second pseudo-random number generator.27. The method of claim 25, further comprising: causing the firstreversible function device to apply a first function to the first datastream to form the re-ordered data stream; and causing the secondreversible function device to apply a second function to the decrypteddata stream to form the third data stream, wherein application of thesecond function reverses application of the first function.
 28. Themethod of claim 27, wherein the first function comprises a randombit-rotation of at least one bit of a portion of the first data stream,the random bit-rotation based on at least one number generated by thefirst random number generator.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein thefirst function comprises a random bit-reordering at least one bit of aportion of the first data stream, the random bit-reordering based on atleast one number generated by the first random number generator.
 30. Amethod for optimizing error detection to detect modification of dataprovided by an encrypting device to a decrypting device, the encryptingdevice including a first microcontroller having a first microprocessorand a first memory operatively coupled to the first microprocessor, thedecrypting device including a second microcontroller having a secondmicroprocessor and a second memory operatively coupled to the secondmicroprocessor, the method comprising: causing the encrypting device toperform a re-ordering step and perform an encrypting step to a firstdata stream to form a second data stream; including, causing a firstreversible function device of the encrypting device to re-order thefirst data stream to form a re-ordered data stream, the first reversiblefunction device coupled to and responsive to a first pseudo-randomnumber generator of the encrypting device; and causing a first XORfunction of the encrypting device to encrypt the re-ordered data streamto form the second data stream, the first XOR function coupled to andresponsive to a second pseudo-random number generator of the encryptingdevice; and, causing the decrypting device to perform a decrypting stepand a re-ordering step to the second data stream to form a third datastream substantially identical to the first data stream.
 31. The methodof claim 30, wherein causing the decrypting device to decrypt andre-order the second data stream comprises: causing a second XOR functionof the decrypting device to decrypt the second data stream to form adecrypted data stream, the second XOR function coupled to and responsiveto a third pseudo-random number generator of the decrypting device; andcausing a second reversible function device of the decrypting device tore-order the decrypted data stream to form the third data stream, thesecond reversible function device coupled to and responsive to a fourthpseudo-random number generator of the encrypting device.
 32. The methodof claim 31, wherein operation of the first pseudo-random numbergenerator is synchronized to operation of the fourth pseudo-randomnumber generator, and wherein operation of the second pseudo-randomnumber generator is synchronized to operation of the third pseudo-randomnumber generator.
 33. A method for optimizing error detection to detectmodification of data provided by an encrypting device to a decryptingdevice, the encrypting device including a first microcontroller having afirst microprocessor and a first memory operatively coupled to the firstmicroprocessor, the decrypting device including a second microcontrollerhaving a second microprocessor and a second memory operatively coupledto the second microprocessor, the method comprising: causing theencrypting device to perform a re-ordering step and perform anencrypting step to a first data stream to form a second data stream,including: causing a first XOR function of the encrypting device toencrypt the first data stream to form an encrypted data stream, thefirst XOR function coupled to and responsive to a first pseudo-randomnumber generator of the encrypting device; and causing the firstreversible function device of the encrypting device to re-order theencrypted data stream to form the second data stream, the firstreversible function device coupled to and responsive to a secondpseudo-random number generator of the encrypting device; and causing thedecrypting device to perform a decrypting step and a re-ordering step tothe second data stream to form a third data stream substantiallyidentical to the first data stream.
 34. The method of claim 33, whereincausing the decrypting device to decrypt and re-order the second datastream comprises: causing a second reversible function device of thedecrypting device to re-order the second data stream to form are-ordered data stream, the second reversible function device coupled toand responsive to a third pseudo-random number generator of theencrypting device; and causing a second XOR function of the decryptingdevice to decrypt the re-ordered data stream to form the third stream,the second XOR function coupled to and responsive to a fourthpseudo-random number generator of the decrypting device.